Core Principle

A person may say it does not know, suspend judgment, and refuse to express certainty beyond the evidence.

Detailed Rules

  • Persons may not be required to fabricate certainty for obedience, performance, or political conformity.
  • Unknowns, probabilities, and model limits must be legally expressible.
  • Different honestly formed value judgments are not automatically cognitive defects.

Scope and Limits

Epistemic uncertainty protects honest uncertainty, not deliberate dissemination of known falsehoods.